![]() ![]() There is solid evidence that not only first born children are more intelligent than later born ones as Galton already observed, but that there is a declining gradient in intelligence with birth order at least among the first four siblings e.g. , found that the presence of at least one younger sibling and/or having a brother was associated with a lower BMI. Data from adulthood are not available from the Kwok study, because the sample of this longitudinal study is not grown up, yet. Kwok et al., also found a lower birth weight in first borns compared to later borns, at age 13 the differences were non-significant. ![]() The difference was very small (z=0.12) and the sample very large (n=26 812). and Siervo et al., found that first borns BMI was larger in adulthood, however in the Derraik study. ![]() There is widely agreement in the literature that first borns start with a lower birth weight than later borns, but then catch up e.g. Modern studies confirm these classic theories only limited, and partly contradict them. Sulloway, stated that first born children adopt different roles in the family than later born ones, in particular becoming more dominant and conservative, while the later borns shall rather be prone to become rebels. According to Adler, first born children are more competitive and prone to neuroses than later born ones, and the youngest children shall become most prosocial. Just the latest born child does not make such an experience. A second born makes a similar experience (if a third child is borne), but it is less pronounced because she or he have had to share the parents already with the first born sibling. He focused particularly on the fact, that a first born feels for some time being the “king or queen” of the family, but loses this status when a sibling is born. Adler, draw far reaching conclusions about birth order. Galton, already examined the birth order of scientists and found that first born children were overrepresented (Galton himself was the 9th and latest child of his parents). Optimally, such research would combine self-report measures with reports from others, such as parents, teachers or clinicians.Įffects of birth order have been widely examined and discussed. ![]() children having siblings seems to have the potential to yield interesting and new results. In contrast, examining differences between only-children vs. Only-children reported significantly less symptoms of social phobia than first born children (z=0.50, p< 0.01).Ĭonclusions: Except for suicidality, the results of this study question the sense of further investment in studying effects of birth order. Results: No differences among first born, middle born and latest born children were detected. Only-children, first born, middle born and latest born children were compared regarding body mass index, depression, anxiety and partnership. Method: An internet survey was performed in 508 Polish and 500 German subjects. Studies comparing only-children with children with siblings are rare. Studies on emotional aspects yield heterogeneous results, sometimes in favour of first born, sometimes in favour of later born children. First born children show usually better cognitive performance than their later born siblings. Keywords: Body mass index Depression Anxiety Partnership Birth statusīackground: Various studies examined the effect of birth order. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Anxiety and depression as an effect of birth order or being an only child: Results of an internet survey in Poland and Germany. How to cite this article: Hardt J, Weyer L, Dragan M, Laubach W. Jochen Hardt, Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medicine of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany, Tel: 0049 6131 3925290 Fax: 0049 6131 3922750 Email: Submitted: 16 August 2017 Approved: 13 September 2017 Published: 14 September 2017 Review Article Anxiety and depression as an effect of birth order or being an only child: Results of an internet survey in Poland and Germany Jochen Hardt 1*, Lisa Weyer 1, Malgorzata Dragan 2 and Wilfried Laubach 1ġMedical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medicine of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, GermanyĢFaculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland ![]()
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